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Seksek v Melwe Consultancy [2025] VUSC 48; Civil Case 1486 of 2021 (24 March 2025)
| Civil |
THE REPUBLIC OF VANUATU | Case No. 21/1486 SC/CIVL |
(Civil Jurisdiction) |
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BETWEEN: | Reith Vor Seksek First Claimant |
AND: | Ambong Vahina Aehul & Sam Benedict Moltakes Second Claimants |
AND: | Melwe Consultancy First Defendant |
AND: | Jenery Cavten Second Defendant |
Before: | Justice V.M. Trief |
In Attendance: | First Claimant – Mrs M. Manuariki |
| Second Claimants – in person, via video link from Luganville Court House |
| First Defendant – in person, via video link from Luganville Court House |
| Second Defendant – Mr L. Tevi, via video link from Luganville Court House |
Date of Decision: | 24 March 2025 |
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JUDGMENT
- Introduction
- This judgment concerns claims by the Claimants Reith Vor Seksek (First Claimant) and Ambong Vahina Aelul and Sam Benedict Moltakes
(Second Claimants) for damages for emotional distress, and the Counter Claim of the Second Defendant Jenery Kavten seeking relief
arising from a declaration of the custom ownership of Lorethiakarkar custom land on East Santo.
- The Claimants, who were represented by Eric Molbaleh at the time, filed the Claim on 10 May 2021. The proceedings took an inordinate
time to come to trial on 2 September 2024, mostly by reason of procedural defaults by one or more of the parties. However, the Court’s
own unavailability did on two occasions contribute to the delay.
- The Claimants were represented at the trial by Mrs Manuariki whose firm had commenced acting for them on 1 September 2024.
- The naming of the First Defendant Melwe Consultancy was irregular as it is not a legal entity which can be sued but is a business
named registered under the Business Names Act [CAP. 211]. It is a business name owned by Boar Enterprise Limited. It is trite law that a company is required to be represented by
a legal practitioner: TCG Properties Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation [2010] VUCA 31; Benard v. Vanuatu Investment Promotion Authority [2003] VUCA 3, Re Mannix Ltd [1984] 1 NZLR 309. However, I gave leave for Mr Boar to appear for the First Defendant at the trial on the basis that he is the owner of both Boar Enterprise
Limited and Melwe Consultancy, and as Melwe Consultancy was named as the Second Defendant, then he appeared in person for Melwe Consultancy.
However, this case should not be seen as establishing any precedent for when the Court may or should permit a company to be represented
other than by a legal practitioner. It is a case on its own particular facts.
- Mr Tevi represented the Second Defendant Mr Cavten.
- The Evidence and Submissions
- At the trial, Ms Manuariki led evidence from the First Claimant Mr Seksek [Exhibit C1] and from Sam Benedict Moltakes, the second-named Second Claimant [Exhibit C2]. She did not lead any evidence from Ambong Vahina Aehul, the first-named Second Claimant. Both Mr Seksek and Mr Moltakes were cross-examined.
The Claim describes the Second Claimants as “village people who reside and [are] cultivating crops inside Loretiakarkar customary
land”.
- Mr Boar reminded the Court that Melwe Consultancy had, on 26 May 2021, filed an interlocutory application seeking the summary dismissal
of the Claimants’ claim against it on the grounds that, as a business name only, it was not an entity which could be sued,
that the Claim did not in any event disclose a cause of action against it, and that the Claim was “misconceived, incompetent
and frivolous”. Mr Boar asked the Court to determine those issues in the trial judgment and said that he relied on his sworn
statement in support of the strike-out application filed on 8 June 2021 [Exhibit D1], and the submissions filed on 23 June 2021 and 29 August 2024. Mr Boar later filed further submissions directed to the Claimant’s
claim for damages for emotional distress.
- The Second Defendant, Jenery Cavten, gave evidence [Exhibit D2] and was cross-examined. Mr Tevi did not lead any other evidence on his behalf.
- Each party provided written submissions: the Claimants on 18 September 2024; the First Defendant on 19 September 2024; and the Second
Defendant on 2 October 2024.
- Factual Setting
- The evidence discloses the following. The Claimants live on Lorethiakarkar custom land in East Santo. They had claimed to be the custom
owners of that land. However, a nakamal meeting conducted on 31 October 2019 under the Custom Land Management Act No. 33 of 2013 recognised the Second Defendant Mr Cavten as the custom owner with the First Claimant being recognised as having only
secondary rights granted by Mr Cavten to live and work there. This was confirmed by the Ser Avtor Area Land Tribunal on 9 October
2020. The Tribunal also said that persons such as the Claimants who were living and working on Mr Cavten’s land should pay
rent to Mr Cavten.
- On 27 October 2021, the Claimants filed an application in the Santo Island Court (Land) for review of the Tribunal decision. That
review has not yet been completed.
- In the meantime, Mr Cavten retained Melwe Consultancy to take action with respect to the obtaining of leases. That firm commenced
surveying the custom land, apparently preparatory to the preparation of formal leases. On 19 March 2021, Melwe Consultancy sent a
letter to the Claimants requiring them to pay lease premium and survey fees. On 19 April 2021, the Claimants responded to the Melwe
Consultancy letter. Melwe Consultancy sent another letter to the Claimants, dated 3 May 2021, this time giving them three months’
notice of eviction if the moneys demanded were not paid.
- On 10 May 2021, the Claimants filed the Claim as well as an Urgent Application for Restraining Order. Subsequently, the Claimants
conceded that that application was not urgent. On 14 October 2021, the Court issued the restraining orders sought.
- The Relief sought in the Claim
- The Claimants filed the Claim on 10 May 2021. The Claim is not well pleaded. After referring to the Claimants’ refusal to engage
in “further lease dealings and surveying” while their appeal to the Santo Island Court (Land) is pending, and to the
demands of, and notice from, Melwel Consulting (only the letter of 19 March 2021 is pleaded specifically), the Claim continues:
As a result of the defendant’s actions, in dealings and surveying in the land the Claimant has suffered damage.
WHEREFORE THE CLAIMANTS SEEK:
- Damage for Emotional Stress
- Costs
- Such Further orders as the Court deems just and necessary.
- As is apparent, the principal claim of the Claimants is for damages for “emotional stress”.
- What is equally clear is that the Claimants did not plead any basis on which the Defendants could be held liable in damages to them
for the emotional stress the alleged conduct is said to have caused, That is to say, they have not pleaded the necessary material
facts to support a cause of action. By way of example only, the Claimants do not plead a breach of a contract between themselves
and one or more of the Defendants giving rise to an entitlement to damages. Nor do they allege that the Defendants owed them a common
law or statutory duty of care, let alone a breach of such a duty. The omission of a plea of the material facts to support a cause
of action on which an award of damages could be based is a fundamental defect in the Claim.
- The Claimants have been on notice of the assertion that the Claim did not disclose a cause of action since Mr Boar filed the strike-out
application on 26 May 2021, and which he elaborated on in the submissions filed on 23 June 2021 and 29 August 2024 in support of
that application. As already noted, Mr Boar told the Court during the trial that he continued to rely on those submissions of 23
June 2021 and 29 August 2024. Yet the Claimants have not made any attempt to seek leave to amend Claim.
- Nor did the written submissions of the Claimants’ counsel seek to redress the omission. Counsel submitted only the following:
- Emotional Stress is a tort liability. There are two types of stress, economical stress and non-economical stress [sic]. This case
falls within the latter of the two types of stress. That means it does not have evidences of financial losses. It usually occurred
where a person is emotionally affected by the actions of others and that those actions are outrageous and intentional.
- With respect to her, this submission reveals a misunderstanding by counsel. While there are limited circumstances in which the law
does allow recovery of damages for emotional stress, it is not, and has never been the case, that defendants are liable in damages
to another by reason only that their conduct caused emotional stress to that person. There has to be a proper legal basis for the
defendant to be found liable, for example breach of an express or implied term in a contract of employment or breach of a common
law duty of care.
- Even if I assume favourably to the Claimants that they intended asserting a breach of a common law duty of care, they do not, in the
circumstances of this case, show that they have suffered injury or loss entitling which could be the subject of a duty of care. They
have not shown that they have suffered some recognisable form of mental illness or psychiatric injury of the kind to which the High
Court of Australia referred in Jaensch v Coffey [1984] HCA 52; 155 CLR 549 to which the Court of Appeal referred in Vanuatu National Provident Fund Board v Aruhuri [2001] VUCA 16.
- Given my finding that no cause of action is disclosed in the Claim, I need not consider whether or not emotional distress has been
proved.
- For the reasons given, the Claim must be struck out.
- The Relief sought in the Second Defendant’s Counter Claim
- Mr Cavten pleaded in his Counter Claim filed on 30 June 2022 that he was declared the custom owner of Lorethiakarkar custom land by
the nakamal meeting held on 20 January 2020. That nakamal meeting also declared that Mr Cavten had given the First Claimant secondary
rights to live and work on Lorethiakarkar custom land. The decision of the nakamal is pending review in the Santo Island Court (Land).
It was also alleged that he has not authorised the Second Claimants to occupy and live on Lorethiakarkar custom land. He sought eviction
orders against the Second Claimants.
- No defence has been filed in response to the Counter Claim.
- It is undisputed that the Second Claimants have been permitted by Mr Seksek to occupy the part of Lorethiakarkar custom land which
he has secondary rights over.
- Given that there is an application for review of the Tribunal decision on foot, it would be premature to evict anyone from Lorethiakarkar
custom land when the final determination as to its custom ownership has not yet been made. Further, even though Mr Cavten has been
declared the custom owner, Mr Seksek has been declared to have secondary use rights over Mr Cavten’s land. Whether or not Mr
Seksek’s secondary rights over Lorethiakarkar custom land include the ability to permit others (such as the Second Claimants)
to occupy Lorethiakarkar custom land is a matter which this Court cannot determine in the present proceeding but is a matter for
a further nakamal meeting if not agreed by the parties.
- For the reasons given, the Second Defendant’s Counter Claim must be dismissed.
- Result and Decision
- The Claim is struck out.
- The Second Defendant’s Counter Claim is dismissed.
- As the First Defendant was not represented by a legal practitioner, it is not entitled to costs hence there is no order as to the
costs of the First Defendant.
- Given the result of the Claim and the Second Defendant’s Counter Claim, the costs of the Claimants and those of the Second Defendant
are to lie where they fall.
- The restraining orders dated 14 October 2021 are discharged.
DATED at Port Vila this 24th day of March 2025
BY THE COURT
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Justice Viran Molisa Trief
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