IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
AT SUVA 
[CRIMINAL JURISDICTION]
CRIMINAL CASE NO: HAC 291 of 2017

STATE
V
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU

Counsel	:	Ms. Moira Konrote with Ms. Unaisi Tamanikaiyaroi for the State
		Mr. Sitiveni Raikanikoda for the Accused  

Dates of Trial	: 	5-7 & 10-13 June 2019
Summing Up	: 	14 June 2019
Judgment	:	17 June 2019
Sentence Hearing	:	17 July & 14 October 2019
Sentence	:	29 October 2019

The names of all six complainants are suppressed. Accordingly, the six complainants will be referred to respectively as follows: Complainant in Counts 1 and 2 “NN”, Complainant in Count 3 “TK”, Complainant in Count 4 “LV”, Complainant in Count 5 “MC”, Complainant in Count 6 “PT” and Complainant in Count 7 “AK”. 
SENTENCE

[1]	Ratu Ravuama Vunivalu Vuibau, as per the Amended Information, filed in Court on 13 June 2019, you were charged with the following offences:   

COUNT 1
Statement of Offence
RAPE: Contrary to Section 207 (1) and (2) (b) of the Crimes Act 2009. 
Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, on the 29th day of June 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, in the Eastern Division, inserted his finger into the vagina of NN, without her consent.

COUNT 2
Statement of Offence
SEXUAL ASSAULT: Contrary to Section 210 (1) (a) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, on the 29th day of June 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, in the Eastern Division, unlawfully and indecently assaulted NN, by sucking her breasts.

	COUNT 3
Statement of Offence
INDECENT ASSAULT: Contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, on the 11th day of August 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, in the Eastern Division, unlawfully and indecently assaulted TK, by pinching her buttocks with his hands.

COUNT 4
Statement of Offence
INDECENT ASSAULT: Contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, on the 8th day of September 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, in the Eastern Division, unlawfully and indecently assaulted LV, by fondling her breasts with his hands.
COUNT 5
(Representative Count)
Statement of Offence
INDECENT ASSAULT: Contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, between 1st of May 2017 to the 30th of September 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, in the Eastern Division, unlawfully and indecently assaulted MC, by fondling her breasts with his hands. 

COUNT 6
(Representative Count)
Statement of Offence
INDECENTLY ANNOYING ANY PERSON: Contrary to Section 213 (1) (b) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, between the month of May 2017, and the month of August 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, intruded upon the privacy of PT, by hugging the said PT from behind, which offended her modesty.

COUNT 7
Statement of Offence
INDECENTLY ANNOYING ANY PERSON: Contrary to Section 213 (1) (b) of the Crimes Act 2009.

Particulars of Offence
RATU RAVUAMA VUNIVALU VUIBAU, on the 12th day of September 2017, at Nakorosule, Naitasiri, intruded upon the privacy of AK, by hugging the said AK from behind, which offended her modesty. 
 [2]	You pleaded not guilty to the charges and the ensuing trial was held over 7 days. 
[3]	At the conclusion of the evidence and after the directions given in the summing up, by a unanimous decision, the three Assessors found you guilty of all 7 charges. Having reviewed the evidence, this Court decided to accept the unanimous opinion of the Assessors in respect of all 7 charges. Accordingly, this Court found you guilty and convicted you of the said charges. 
[4]	You have now been convicted of one count of Rape, one count of Sexual Assault, three counts of Indecent Assault and two counts of Indecently Annoying Any Person. 
[5]	The prosecution, in support of their case, called the six complainants, NN, TK, LV, MC, PT and AK, and also a school teacher, Rejeli Seru. The prosecution also tendered the Birth Certificate of complainant NN as Prosecution Exhibit PE1.
[6]	You were the Head Teacher at the Nakorosule District School in Naitasiri at the time of the offending. The six complainants were all students of the Nakorosule District School and were between 12 to 14 years of age, and as such, were juveniles.   
[7]	The six complainants clearly testified in Court as to the offences you perpetrated on them. 
[8]	The Victim Impact Assessment Reports of all six complainants have been filed in Court. Therein, it is recorded that the complainants have been emotionally and psychologically traumatized by your actions. The impact of your actions on the victims have not only been traumatic but is said to be continuing. 
[9]	Section 4(1) of the Sentencing and Penalties Act No. 42 of 2009 (“Sentencing and Penalties Act”) stipulates the relevant factors that a Court should take into account during the sentencing process. The factors are as follows:
4. — (1) The only purposes for which sentencing may be imposed by a court are — 
(a) to punish offenders to an extent and in a manner which is just in all the circumstances;
(b) to protect the community from offenders;
(c) to deter offenders or other persons from committing offences of the same or similar nature;
(d) to establish conditions so that rehabilitation of offenders may be promoted or facilitated;
(e) to signify that the court and the community denounce the commission of such offences; or
(f) any combination of these purposes. 
[10]	I have duly considered the above factors in determining the sentence to be imposed on you.
[11]	The offence of Rape in terms of Section 207(1) of the Crimes Act No. 44 of 2009 (“Crimes Act”) carries a maximum penalty of imprisonment for life. 
[12]	The severity of the offence of Rape was highlighted by the Fiji Court of Appeal in the case of Mohammed Kasim v. The State [1994] FJCA 25; AAU 21 of 93 (27 May 1994); where it was stated:
	“….It must be recognized by the Courts that the crime of rape has become altogether too frequent and that the sentences imposed by the Courts for that crime must more nearly reflect the understandable public outrage.” 
[13]	In the case of State v. Marawa [2004] FJHC 338; HAC 16T of 2003S (23 April 2004); His Lordship Justice Anthony Gates stated:
“Parliament has prescribed the sentence of life imprisonment for rape. Rape is the most serious sexual offence. The Courts have reflected increasing public intolerance for this crime by hardening their hearts to offenders and meting out harsher sentences”.
“A long custodial sentence is inevitable. This is to mark the gravity of the offence as felt, and correctly so, by the community. Imprisonment emphasizes the public’s disapproval and serves as a warning to others who may hitherto regard such acts lightly. One must not ignore the validity of the imposition of condign punishment for serious crime. Lastly the sentence is set in order to protect women from such crimes: Roberts and Roberts (1982) 4 Cr. App R(S) 8; The State v Lasaro Turagabeci and Others (unreported) Suva High Court Crim. Case No. HAC0008.1996S.”
[14]	In The State v Lasaro Turagabeci and Others (supra) Pain J had said:
“The Courts have made it clear that rapists will be dealt with severely. Rape is generally regarded as one of the gravest sexual offences. It violates and degrades a fellow human being. The physical and emotional consequences to the victim are likely to be severe. The Courts must protect women from such degradation and trauma. The increasing prevalence of such offending in the community calls for deterrent sentences.”
[15]	His Lordship Justice Daniel Goundar, in the case of State v. AV [2009] FJHC 24; HAC 192 of 2008 (2 February 2009); observed:
“….Rape is the most serious form of sexual assault. In this case a child was raped. Society cannot condone any form of sexual assaults on children.  Children are our future. The Courts have a positive obligation under the Constitution to protect the vulnerable from any form of violence or sexual abuse. Sexual offenders must be deterred from committing this kind of offences”.
[16]	In the case of State v. Tauvoli [2011] FJHC 216; HAC 27 of 2011 (18 April 2011); His Lordship Justice Paul Madigan stated:
“Rape of children is a very serious offence indeed and it seems to be very prevalent in Fiji at the time. The legislation has dictated harsh penalties and the Courts are imposing those penalties in order to reflect society's abhorrence for such crimes. Our nation's children must be protected and they must be allowed to develop to sexual maturity unmolested. Psychologists tell us that the effect of sexual abuse on children in their later development is profound.” 
[17]	His Lordship Justice Goundar in State v Apisai Takalaibau – Sentence [2018] FJHC 505; HAC 154 of 2018 (15 June 2018); making reference to statistics of Aggravated Burglary cases filed in the High Court in 2017 and 2018, stated that “A factor that influences sentencing is the prevalence of the offence in the community.…….The more prevalent is an offence, the greater the need is for deterrence and protection of the community.”
[18]	This has been affirmed by the Supreme Court in Alfaaz v. State [2018] FJSC 17; CAV0009.2018 (30 August 2018); where it was recognized that the prevalence of cases of child rape calls for harsher punishments to be imposed by Courts. Their Lordships held:
	“According to the statistics released by the Director of Public Prosecutions Office it appears that a number of rape victims as well as victims under the age of 18 years and victims in domestic relationships or relatives were also victims of other serious sexual offences. The rape of children is a very serious offence and it is very frequent and prevalent in Fiji. The courts must impose harsh penalties dictated by the legislation. The courts should not leniently look at this kind of serious cases of rape of children of tender years when punishing the offenders.”
[19]	In the case of Anand Abhay Raj v. The State [2014] FJSC 12; CAV 03 of 2014 (20 August 2014); Chief Justice Anthony Gates (with Justice Sathyaa Hettige and Madam Justice Chandra Ekanayake agreeing) endorsed the view that Rapes of juveniles (under the age of 18 years) must attract a sentence of at least 10 years and the acceptable range of sentences or sentencing tariff is between 10 and 16 years imprisonment.
[20]	However, in the recent case of Aitcheson v State [2018] FJSC 29; CAV0012 of 2018 (2 November 2018); His Lordship Chief Justice Gates stated that the sentencing tariff for the Rape of a juvenile should now be increased to between 11 and 20 years imprisonment. His Lordship held:
	“The tariff previously set in Raj v The State [2014] FJSC 12 CAV0003.2014 (20th August 2014) should now be between 11-20 years imprisonment. Much will depend upon the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, considerations of remorse, early pleas, and finally time spent on remand awaiting trial for the final sentence outcome. The increased tariff represents the denunciation of the courts in the strongest terms.”
[21]	In determining the starting point within the said tariff, the Court of Appeal, in Laisiasa Koroivuki v. State [2013] FJCA 15; AAU 0018 of 2010 (5 March 2013); has formulated the following guiding principles:
	“In selecting a starting point, the court must have regard to an objective seriousness of the offence. No reference should be made to the mitigating and aggravating factors at this time.  As a matter of good practice, the starting point should be picked from the lower or middle range of the tariff.  After adjusting for the mitigating and aggravating factors, the final term should fall within the tariff.  If the final term falls either below or higher than the tariff, then the sentencing court should provide reasons why the sentence is outside the range.”
[22]	In the light of the above guiding principles, and taking into consideration the objective seriousness of the offence, I commence your sentence at 12 years imprisonment for the first count of Rape.
[23]	The aggravating factors (which would be relevant to all seven counts) are as follows:
	(i)	You were the Head Teacher of the Nakorosule District School in Naitasiri. The six complainants were all students of the school. Being the Head Teacher you should have protected and safe guarded the complainants. Instead you have breached the trust expected from you and the breach was gross. 
	(ii)	You committed these offences during school hours and within the school premises or compound. 
	(iii)	You abused your authority and position as the Head Teacher to perpetrate these offences against the complainants. You even threatened the complainants that they will be expelled from school if they exposed the incident.

	(iv)	There was a large disparity in age between you and the complainants. The complainants were between 12 to 14 years of age at the time of the offending. At the time you were between 40 and 41 years of age. Therefore, there was a large disparity in age.  
	(v)	You took advantage of the complainants’ vulnerability, helplessness and naivety.
	(vi)	You have exposed the innocent mind of several children to sexual activity at such a tender age. 
	(vii)	The impact of the crime on the victims have been traumatic and is said to be continuing. 
	(viii)	Since the incidents happened over a period of time, and since you targeted multiple victims, Court is of the view that there was some amount of pre-planning on your part in committing these offences.
	(ix)	You are now convicted of multiple offending committed against multiple victims. 
[24]	Ratu Ravuama Vunivalu Vuibau, you are now 43 years of age (Date of Birth 13 August 1976). You are married with 4 children. You are said to be a qualified Primary School Teacher by profession and have been in the teaching profession for 14 years. You have been teaching at 9 different primary schools, and the latest was at the Nakorosule District School in Naitasiri, where you were promoted as the Head Teacher.  However, these are all personal circumstances and cannot be considered as mitigating circumstances. 	
[25]	You are a first offender. As per the Antecedent Report filed by the State it is confirmed that there are no previous convictions recorded against you. Therefore, this Court considers you as a person of previous good character.
[26]	Considering the aforementioned aggravating factors, I increase your sentence by a further 8 years. Now your sentence is 20 years’ imprisonment. Considering your previous good character, I deduct 2 years from your sentence. Now your sentence would be 18 years’ imprisonment for Count 1.  
[27]	You have been convicted of one count of Sexual Assault in terms of Section 210(1) (a) of the Crimes Act (Count 2). 
[28]	The offence of Sexual Assault in terms of Section 210(1) of the Crimes Act carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment.
[29]	In the cases of State v. Abdul Khaiyum [2012] FJHC 1274; Criminal Case (HAC) 160 of 2010 (10 August 2012) and State v. Epeli Ratabacaca Laca [2012] FJHC 1414; HAC 252 of 2011 (14 November 2012); Justice Madigan proposed a tariff between 2 years to 8 years imprisonment for offences of Sexual Assault in terms of Section 210 (1) of the Crimes Act.  
[30]	It was held in State v Laca (supra) “The top of the range is reserved for blatant manipulation of the naked genitalia or anus. The bottom of the range is for less serious assaults such as brushing of covered breasts or buttocks.”
“A very helpful guide to sentencing for sexual assault can be found in the United Kingdom's Legal Guidelines for Sentencing. Those guidelines divide sexual assault offending into three categories:
Category 1 (the most serious)

Contact between the naked genitalia of the offender and naked genitalia, face or mouth of the victim.
Category 2

(i)	Contact between the naked genitalia of the offender and another part of the victim's body;
(ii) 	Contact with the genitalia of the victim by the offender using part of his or her body other than the genitalia, or an object;
(iii) 	Contact between either the clothed genitalia of the offender and the naked genitalia of the victim; or the naked genitalia of the offender and the clothed genitalia of the victim.
Category 3
Contact between part of the offender's body (other than the genitalia) with part of the victim's body (other than the genitalia).”

[31]	In this case it has been proven that you unlawfully and indecently assaulted complainant NN by sucking her breasts. In my opinion, this would clearly come under category 3 above. As such, in the light of the above guiding principles, and taking into consideration the objective seriousness of the offence, I commence your sentence at 2 years imprisonment for the offence of Sexual Assault, in terms of Section 210 (1) of the Crimes Act.   
[32]	Considering the aggravating factors aforementioned, which are common for all offences, I increase your sentence by a further 8 years. Now your sentence is 10 years imprisonment. Considering your previous good character, I deduct 2 years from your sentence. Now your sentence would be 8 years’ imprisonment for Count 2.  
[33]	You have been convicted of three counts of Indecent Assault contrary to Section 212(1) of the Crimes Act (Counts 3, 4 and 5).
[34]	The offence of Indecent Assault in terms of Section 212 of the Crimes Act carries a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment. 
[35]	Her Ladyship Madam Justice Shameem in Ratu Penioni Rokota v. State [2002] FJHC 168; HAA 68J of 2002S (23 August 2002); held that the applicable tariff for the offence of Indecent Assault range from 12 months to 4 years imprisonment. Madam Justice Shameem said:
“….. Sentences for indecent assault range from 12 months imprisonment to 4 years. The gravity of the offence will determine the starting point for the sentence. The indecent assault of small children reflects on the gravity of the offence. The nature of the assault, whether it was penetrative, whether gratuitous violence was used, whether weapons or other implements were used and the length of time over which the assaults were perpetrated, all reflect on the gravity of the offence. Mitigating factors might be the previous good character of the accused, honest attempts to effect apology and reparation to the victim, and a prompt plea of guilty which saves the victim the trauma of giving evidence.
These are the general principles which affect sentencing under section 154 of the Penal Code. Generally, the sentence will fall within the tariff, although in particularly serious cases, a five year sentence may be appropriate. A non-custodial sentence will only be appropriate in cases where the ages of the victim and the accused are similar, and the assault of a non-penetrative and fleeting type. Because of the vast differences in different types of indecent assault, it is difficult to refer to any more specific guidelines than these.”
[36]	This was followed by His Lordship Justice Vinsent Perera in State v. Mohammed Zubair [2017] FJHC 895; HAC 425 of 2016 (24 November 2017). 
[37]	Accordingly, considering all the facts and circumstances of this case, for Counts 3, 4 and 5, I sentence you to 3 years’ imprisonment for each count. 
[38]	You have been convicted of two counts of Indecently Annoying Any Person contrary to Section 213(1) (b) of the Crimes Act (Counts 6 and 7).
[39]	The offence of Indecently Annoying Any Person in terms of Section 213(1) of the Crimes Act carries a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment.
[40]	In the case of State v Yabakiono [2016] FJHC 383; HAC 77.2014 (9 May 2016); His Lordship Justice Madigan observed: “The maximum penalty for indecently annoying another is imprisonment for one year without a tariff having been set; nor need there be one. There are a myriad ways in which a person can be sexually harassed and the sentence will be at the discretion of the court hearing the matter.”
[41]	Accordingly, considering all the facts and circumstances of this case, for Counts 6 and 7, I sentence you to 10 months imprisonment for each count. 
[42]	In the circumstances, your sentences are as follows:
Count 1	- 	Rape contrary to Section 207 (1) and (2) (b) of the Crimes Act – 18 years’ imprisonment.
Count 2	 - 	Sexual Assault contrary to Section 210 (1) (a) of the Crimes Act – 8 years’ imprisonment.
Count 3 -	Indecent Assault contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act – 3 years’ imprisonment.
Count 4 -	Indecent Assault contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act – 3 years’ imprisonment.
Count 5 -	Indecent Assault contrary to Section 212 (1) of the Crimes Act – 3 years’ imprisonment.
Count 6	- 	Indecently Annoying Any Person contrary to Section 213(1) (b) of the Crimes Act – 10 months imprisonment.
Count 7	- 	Indecently Annoying Any Person contrary to Section 213(1) (b) of the Crimes Act – 10 months imprisonment. 
[43]	In this case, the State has specifically urged Court to impose a consecutive sentence on you. However, I will refrain from making such an order. Accordingly, I order that all seven sentences of imprisonment to run concurrently. Therefore, your total term of imprisonment will be 18 years.
[44]	Accordingly, I sentence you to a term of 18 years’ imprisonment.  

The imposing of a non-parole period
[45]	In the recent case of Nacani Timo v State [2019] FJSC 22; CAV0022.2018 (30 August 2019); the Supreme Court discussed, inter alia, the issues pertaining to the fixing of non-parole periods on convicted persons.
[46]	Having analysed Section 18 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act, which stipulates the provisions for fixing a non-parole period by the sentencing Court, and also the above judgment of the Supreme Court, this Court in State v. Ratu Sela Dradra Matia [2019] FJHC 1004; HAC259.2018 (21 October 2019) came to the following finding:
“[47]	Although, as I have mentioned earlier, the provisions of Section 18 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act were clear and unambiguous and required no further interpretation, the Supreme Court, the highest Court in our land, has interpolated further conditions which a sentencing Court should now consider prior to fixing a non-parole period. I am of the view that I am bound by this judgment of the Supreme Court.
[48]	Therefore, considering the provisions of the legislation (Section 18 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act) and the judgment of the Supreme Court cumulatively, the following factors emerge: 
1.	Fixing of a non-parole period should be exercised by the Courts in exceptional cases.
2.	The decision to fix or decline to fix a non-parole period must be taken by a Court after hearing the convict.
3.	The decision to fix or decline to fix a non-parole must be accompanied by reasons. 
[49]	As to the first factor, the Supreme Court has not provided any guidance as to what would fall under the category of “exceptional cases”. Thus, the sentencing Court would have a wide discretion in deciding on this. In my view, there would be no prohibition in Court considering the very same factors that it considered in arriving at the final sentence against the convict. This could include, inter-alia, the nature and gravity of the particular offence, the offender’s culpability and degree of responsibility for the offence, the impact of the offence on any victim and the injury, loss or damage resulting from the offence, and the aggravating circumstances relevant to the commission of the offence.
[50]	As to the second factor, the hearing of the convict or his or her counsel can be done during the course of the sentencing hearing. In my view, no separate hearing would be required.
[51]	As to the final factor, the Supreme Court has itself dictated that the accompanying reasons should be set out with an economy of words, as a part of a just, fair and reasonable procedure, keeping the interests of the convict and society (including the victim) in mind. Where the Court determines that the fixing of a non-parole period is inappropriate, the provisions of sub-section 18 (2) of the Sentencing and Penalties Act could be referred to as justification for doing so. The sub-section provides that the Court may decline to fix a non-parole period under sub-section 18 (1), if the Court considers that the nature of the offence, or the past history of the offender, deems it appropriate to do so.

[52]	Further, it is also my opinion that the factors that a Court would be taking into account or considering in determining the first and third factors above, would usually overlap.”

[47]	I am of the opinion that considering all the facts and circumstances of this case, as already referred to in this sentence, this is an appropriate case to fix a non-parole period to be served by you. Accordingly, pursuant to the provisions of Section 18 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act, I fix your non-parole period as 15 years’ imprisonment. 
[48]	Section 24 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act reads thus: 
	“If an offender is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, any period of time during which the offender was held in custody prior to the trial of the matter or matters shall, unless a court otherwise orders, be regarded by the court as a period of imprisonment already served by the offender.”
[49]	I find from the record that you have been in remand custody for this case from 18 September 2017 until this Court granted you bail on 19 February 2019. Thereafter, you have been in remand custody since 17 June 2019, the day on which I delivered the Judgment in this case. Accordingly, you have been in custody for a total period of about 22 months. The period you were in custody shall be regarded as period of imprisonment already served by you. I hold that a period of 22 months should be considered as served in terms of the provisions of Section 24 of the Sentencing and Penalties Act.
[50]	In the result, your final sentence is as follows: 
Head Sentence	-	18 years’ imprisonment.
			Non-parole period	-	15 years’ imprisonment.
Considering the time you have spent in remand (22 months), the time remaining to be served is as follows:
			Head Sentence	-	16 years and 2 months imprisonment.
			Non-parole period	-	13 years and 2 months imprisonment.
 [51]	You have 30 days to appeal to the Court of Appeal if you so wish. 

Riyaz Hamza
JUDGE
HIGH COURT OF FIJI
AT SUVA
Dated this 29th Day of October 2019

Solicitors for the State	: 	Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva. 
Solicitors for the Accused	: 	Raikanikoda & Associates, Suva.