![]() |
Home
| Databases
| WorldLII
| Search
| Feedback
High Court of Fiji |
IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
WESTERN DIVISION AT LAUTOKA
CIVIL JURISDICTION
CIVIL ACTION No. HBC 131 OF 2011
BETWEEN
SIMONE ALLENE of Flat 4, Gladstone Court, Anson Road, London, NW 24LA, Businesswoman. |
PLAINTIFF AND |
EDWARD VINCE JENNINGS of Sheraton Fiji Resort, Nadi, Fiji. |
1ST DEFENDANT AND |
SEASHELL BUSINESS CENTRE LIMITED a limited liability company having its registered office at Sheraton Fiji Resort Island, P O Box 10522, Nadi Airport. |
2ND DEFENDANT |
|
Appearances : Ms N. Samantha with Ms V. Buli for the plaintiff
Mr J. Sharma for the 1st & 2nd defendants
Date of Hearing : 1 & 2 November 2017
Date of Submission : 30 November 2017 (plaintiff), 30 November 2017 (defendants)
Date of Judgment : 2 February 2018
J U D G M E N T
Introduction
[01] The plaintiff brought this action against the defendants claiming among other things refund of GBP 36, 000.00 or its equivalent as at the date of judgment. The claim arises out of a verbal agreement entered into between the parties in 2005.
[02] The defendants filed their defence and counterclaim. They admitted that the plaintiff paid a sum of $110, 000.00 into Yoko Jennings ANZ Bank Account on 19 May 2005.
[03] At trial, the plaintiff called two witnesses while the defendant called the first defendant in support of their respective claim. By consent of both parties, a bundle of documents was tendered.
[04] Both the parties filed their respective closing written submissions. I am grateful to both counsel for their useful written submissions.
Background
[05] The background facts as gleamed from the statement claim are as follows.
[06] Simone Allene, the plaintiff is a British citizen.
[07] Edward Jennings, the 1st defendant is a shareholder and company director of Seashell Business Centre Limited, the 2nd defendant (“SBCL”). The share capital of SBCL is $100,000.00 divided into one dollar each. 100 shares were issued of which 70 were issued to the 1st defendant and 30 were issued to Yoko Jennings, the wife of the 1st defendant.
[08] In or about April 2005, the 1st defendant and the plaintiff reached an agreement for the plaintiff to take up 49% shareholding in SBCL for a consideration of $110,000.00.
[09] In May 2005, the 1st defendant and the plaintiff attended the office of the defendant’s accountant Nanda & Co, Accountants in Nadi and completed Fiji Trade and Investments Board (FTIB) application form to facilitate the transfer of shares to the plaintiff.
[10] The 1st defendant advised the plaintiff that in order for the application to be submitted to the FTIB, the plaintiff should send GBP36, 000.00 the funds she had in the UK. The 1st defendant represented to the plaintiff that the money should be paid into Yoko Jennings’s personal account pending the completion of the formalities and provided the plaintiff with the bank account details of Yoko Jennings.
[11] On 19 May 2005, the plaintiff transferred the sum of GBP 36,000 (totalling $110,081.74) into the bank account of Yoko Jennings as instructed by the 1st defendant.
[12] The plaintiff alleges that it was agreed between the plaintiff and the defendants that the transaction will be completed by May 2006.
[13] In January 2006, the 1st defendant asked the plaintiff to return to Fiji to help run the operations of the SBCL and another of the 1st defendant’s business known as Dive Tropex since he was scheduled to leave for Iraq in March 2006. The 1st defendant left for Iraq in March 2006 and in April 2006 the plaintiff returned to Fiji and started working for Dive Tropex and the SBCL.
[14] According to the plaintiff, she enquired with the plaintiff on a number of occasion regarding the transfer of the shares to her as agreed and the 1st defendant in breach of the agreement failed and/or refused and/or neglected to transfer the shares to the plaintiff.
[15] As a result, the plaintiff by a letter dated 14th July 2009 sent to the first defendant repudiated the agreement and demanded a refund of the sum of $110,081.74. The first defendant refused to pay. The plaintiff instituted this action for the recovery of the fund she sent to the first defendant.
Case for defendant
[16] The defendants in their amended statement of defence and counterclaim states that: they were waiting for the necessary regulatory approvals. Sometime in 2007, the plaintiff, after initiating a verbal dispute with the first defendant, left the premises of the SBCL, abandoned her position as operations manager and ceased rendering services to the SBCL and/or Dive Tropex. The plaintiff continued to collect wages despite not working. The plaintiff also continued to stay free of charge in the flat and drive the vehicle provided by the SBCL and/or Dive Tropex. Later, the plaintiff abandoned the vehicle at the Korotogo roundabout with the keys inside on the day of the vehicle’s LTA registration expired, causing the SBCL unnecessary expense and loss to retrieve the same. The plaintiff also filed complaints about the defendants with the FTIB. Eventually, the plaintiff left Fiji and the defendants did not hear anything further from her until sometime in 2009.
Counterclaim
[17] The defendants counterclaim damages against the plaintiff for the losses she caused to the defendants while working for or as an agent of the SBCL in that plaintiff, while working for or as an agent of the SBCL, undertook the negotiation of an agreement with the Westin Resort for the second defendant to relocate its business centre from the Sheraton Resort to the Westin Resort in the year 2007, which led to loss and damages to SBCL.
[18] The background facts stated by the defendants for a counterclaim are as follows:
[19] The second defendant installed and completed the tenant improvements and renovation works and provided new furniture and computers for the business centre at the Westin Resort at its own expense. Thereafter, the plaintiff agreed with the Westin Resort, without the defendants’ knowledge or approval and without the appropriate authorization from the Board of Directors of the SBCL, to move the SBCL’s business centre to another location inside or next to the conference room at the Westin Resort.
[20] The defendant alleges, the plaintiff acted negligently and/or wrongfully and/or without authorization in breach of her duties as an employee and/or agent of the defendants. As a result of the plaintiff’s actions, the SBCL was forced to remove its newly installed furniture and computers from the already fitted out business centre as the same would not fit into the new space and had to abandon its tenant improvements and/or fixtures already installed in the business centre.
[21] The plaintiff also undertook the renewal of Dive Tropex’s lease agreement with the Westin Resort. After the plaintiff walked out and abandoned her position and duties as operations manager, the Westin Resort refused to renew Dive Tropex’s lease agreement.
The evidence
Plaintiff
[22] The plaintiff called 2 witnesses namely, Ms Simone Allene, the plaintiff (PW1) and Sanjesh Narayan, an officer from the FTIB (known as Investment Fiji) (PW2).
[23] PW1’s evidence is as follows:
met locals. She met Edward Jennings. He had Dive Company and business centre at the hotel. Since she is a dive instructor she went diving. Mr & Mrs Jennings showed her around their company. She did socialize with Edward Jennings and his wife, Yoko Jennings.
[25] In cross examination PW1 said that:
[26] PW2, Senior Investment Advisor from Investment Fiji in his evidence stated:
[27] Under cross examination PW2 stated:
Defendant’s evidence
[28] The defendant called 2 witnesses. They were the 1st defendant, Edward Jennings (DW1) and Roseline Chand (DW2).
[29] DW1 in his evidence stated that:
[29] DW2 gave evidence as follows:
[30] In cross-examination DW said that:
Statutory framework
[31] Section 11 of the Exchange Control Act Cap 211 and section 4 of the Limitation Act are relevant.
[32] Section 11, ECA provides, so far as relevant:
Transfer of securities and coupons
11.-(1) Except with the permission of the Minister, a security registered in Fiji shall not be transferred, and a security not so registered shall not be transferred in Fiji, unless, in either case, the following requirements are fulfilled, that is to say:-
(a) neither the transferor nor the person, if any, for whom he or she is a nominee is resident outside Fiji; and
(b) the transferor delivers to the transferee at or before the time of the transfer the prescribed declarations as to his residence and that of the person, if any, for whom he or she is a nominee; and
- (c) neither the transferee nor the person, if any, for whom he or she is to be a nominee is resident outside Fiji; and
- (d) except where the security is registered in Fiji otherwise than in subsidiary register, the Minister is satisfied that the requirements of paragraph (c) are fulfilled,
Provided that –
(i) neither the transferee nor his or her agent shall be deemed to have committed an offence by reason only that the requirements of paragraph (a) were not fulfilled unless the transferee or, as the case may be, his or her agent, knew or had reason to believe that those requirements were not fulfilled; and
(ii) neither the transferor nor his agent shall be deemed to have committed an offence by reason only that any of the requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) have not been fulfilled unless, in the case of a non-fulfilment of the requirements of paragraph (c) the transferor or, as the case may be, his or her agent, knew or had reason to believe that those requirements were not fulfilled.
(Amended by Legal Notice 112 of 1970; Act 24 of 1979, s. 10.)
[33] Section 4, LA provides:
4 (1) (a) ‘actions founded on simple contract or on tort shall not be brought after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued’ (emphasis provided)
Discussion and decision
[34] The plaintiff claims a refund of $110,081.74, which the plaintiff invested in the 2nd defendant. The action is based on a verbal agreement between the plaintiff and Jennings, the 1st defendant wherein the plaintiff was to invest in the 2nd defendant and the 1st defendant to transfer 49% shares of the 2nd defendant to the plaintiff. The plaintiff alleges that the 1st defendant refused and/or neglected to transfer the shares to the plaintiff as agreed despite several requests by the plaintiff. As a result, the plaintiff repudiated the agreement via a letter dated 14 July 2009 sent to the defendant through her solicitors and demanded a refund of the money which the 1st defendant refused.
[35] The primary issue that arises here is whether the plaintiff is entitled to get a refund of $110, 081.74 the money she transferred to Yoko’s (1st defendant’s wife) bank account for investment in the 2nd defendant for the consideration of transfer 49% shares in the 2nd defendant to the plaintiff.
Limitation issue
[36] Before deciding the primary issue, I will deal with the limitation issue the defendants had raised in their statement of defence.
[37] The defendants in their statement of defence say of course without giving any particulars that the plaintiff’s claim is statute barred under section 4 of Limitation Act.
[38] Pursuant to section 4 (1) (a), LA actions founded on simple contract or on tort shall not be brought after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action arose.
[39] It is contended on behalf of the defendants that the plaintiff entered into an agreement with the defendants and Yoko Jennings in or around April or May 2005. The plaintiff transferred the sum of $110, 081.74 into Yoko Jennings bank account on 19 May 2005. The plaintiff issued her writ of summons on 15 August 2011. Therefore, the claim is barred by section 4 of the LA.
[40] Counsel for the plaintiff submits that the writ was issued on 15 August 2011 and breach occurred in 2006 when shares were not transferred by the defendants to the plaintiff. The cause of action accrues not from the date when the agreement is entered into but when there is a breach which in the circumstances of this case was in 2006.
[41] Undoubtedly, the plaintiff’s action is founded on a simple contract.
[42] Section 4 (1) (a) enforces a six-year limitation period on actions founded on simple contract. According to that section, the period of 6 years must be calculated from the date when the cause of action arose. The limitation period begins to run from the date on which the cause of action arose but not from the date on which the contract was made.
[43] Both parties are giving different version as to the date on which the cause of action arose. The plaintiff says the cause of action accrued in 2006. The plaintiff does not give any particular date and month. For the defendants, the cause of action arose on 19 May 2005 when the plaintiff transferred the fund as per the agreement.
[44] For my part, I would say the cause of action did not arise on 19 May 2005 as the defendants allege. It did not arise in 2006 either. The 1st defendant maintains that he never refused to transfer the shares to the plaintiff and that the plaintiff never asked to transfer the shares. He said the plaintiff was never given a share certificate and all process was handled by Mr Nandha his accountant whom he had instructed. According to the plaintiff, she had asked for the transfer of shares a number of times. There were no written requests for the transfer of shares by the plaintiff until 14 July 2009 when the plaintiff repudiated the contract and demanded a refund of the money. In my judgment, the cause of action arose on 14 July 2009 when the plaintiff repudiated the contract. The cause of action arose on 14 July 2009 and the plaintiff issued her writ of summons on 15 August 2011. The action is filed well within six years. Therefore, I find that the action is not caught by limitation and it is not statute barred.
The primary issue
[45] I now turn to the primary issue that whether the plaintiff is entitled to the money she sent.
[46] The plaintiffs transferred money into the business. The 1st defendant promised that he will transfer 49% share of the 2nd defendant of which the 1st and 2nd defendants are the shareholders and directors. The transfer of shares did not happen. The 1st defendant failed to transfer despite several oral requests.
[47] It is not in dispute that the plaintiff transferred the money into the business and an application was made for Foreign Registration Certificate. It is also not in dispute that the plaintiff will bring the money as a foreign investment into the business and 49% of the shares will be transferred to the plaintiff.
[48] The 1st defendant accepted that the transfer of shares was not effected. However, he maintained that the plaintiff never asked for the transfer of shares. He said all relevant documents were given to Mr Nandha to process the transfer.
[49] Upon transfer of the money, the plaintiff was running the business as a director and she took major decisions concerning the business. She received salary and perks including hotel accommodation.
[50] The plaintiff by her letter dated 14 July 2009 sent through her solicitors to the 1st defendant repudiated the agreement and demanded a refund of $110, 081.74 (Ex8).
[51] It is notable that the plaintiff did not claim damages for breach of contract. She has based her claim on the doctrine of ‘unjust enrichment’. Under this doctrine, an innocent party may recover any money or benefit conferred on the other party in certain circumstances.
[52] In Attorney General of Fiji v Auto Direct & Equipment Ltd [2007] FJHC 139; HBC 445.2004 [28 November 2007] it was held that:
“Where a sum of money has been paid pursuant to a contract and there has been, as is the case here, total failure of consideration then the principles of unjust enrichment dictate that the person who paid is entitled to have his money back: Fibroska Spolka Akevjna v. Fairburn Lawson Umbe Barbow [1942] UKHL 4; (1943) A.C. 32.”
[53] As the plaintiff is a non-resident, Reserve Bank of Fiji’s (RBF) approval was necessary pursuant to section 11, EXA. The word ‘securities’ in the EXA includes shares. The Minister's powers to grant approval for the transfer of shares to a non-resident has been delegated to the RBF.
[54] Although the plaintiff obtained approval from the FTIB, the RBF’s approval was pending. The plaintiff in her evidence confirmed that she did not obtain the RBF’s approval for the transfer of shares. The 1st defendant could not have transferred the share to the plaintiff without the approval of the RBF. Any transfer of shares without RBF’s approval would be unlawful.
[55] PW2, Senior Investment Officer of FTIB accepted that the approval process, including obtaining approval from RBF can be a time consuming affair and FTIB recognises this and allows time to comply with the requirements.
[56] The plaintiff did not obtain the required RBF’s approval in order to complete the transfer of shares to the plaintiff. This might be considered as a frustrating situation which had caused the delay in the completion of share transfer to the plaintiff. In her evidence, the plaintiff stated that she wasn’t too concerned. This confirms the defendant’s evidence that the plaintiff never requested the transfer of shares.
[57] The defendant contends that the money was transferred into Yoko’s bank account and Yoko was not sued. The plaintiff had an agreement with the 1st defendant and had all the dealings with the 1st defendant. The 1st defendant gave Yoko’s bank account number and advised the plaintiff to deposit the money into Yoko’s bank account. Therefore, the 1st defendant has to take responsibility for the money the plaintiff transferred to Yoko’s account. It is immaterial whether or not the plaintiff has made a claim against Yoko.
[58] On the evidence, I find that the plaintiff is entitled to refund of the money invested in the business. The question now arises whether the plaintiff is entitled to the whole sum she invested in the business. I would say she is not entitled to the refund of whole sum but a portion of it. The 1st defendant gave evidence that the business suffered a considerable loss by the bad management of the plaintiff. He said:
‘In the middle of July 2007, when he came to Fiji, he was informed by Roseline Chand (Rose) that Firefighting equipment had been removed from a large Dive Boat upon Simone’s instructions. Equipment had subsequently gone missing. Due to the equipment being removed, the Dive Boat was grounded by the Marine Department and the company was losing money. Equipment was also very expensive. He confronted Simone and after a heated argument, Simone left the 2nd defendant’s premises.
He further said:
2nd defendant’s business suffered and eventually closed. Simone had been in control of the 2nd defendant. Because of her neglect 2nd defendant’s business closed down.’
[59] DW2 who was an employee of the defendants confirmed what the 1st defendant said about the loss and closure of business of the second defendant.
[60] I accept as credible the defendant’s evidence on the failure of the business of the second defendant as the result of the plaintiff’s bad management.
[61] I consider the loss the plaintiff caused to the defendant’s business as substantial. I would, therefore, decide that the plaintiff is entitled to 50% of the money she invested in the business. This means she will be entitled to GBP18, 000.00 only. I decline to grant other relief the plaintiff is seeking such as loss of income, interest, and general damages for inconvenience and mental anguish. On the evidence, I think I should not grant these claims.
Counterclaim
[62] The defendant did not lead evidence in respect of the counterclaim they made against the plaintiff. I would, therefore, strike out and dismiss the counterclaim.
Conclusion
[63] For the reasons given, I hold that the plaintiff is entitled to 50% refund of the money she invested in the business, which means that there will be judgment in favour of the plaintiff in the sum of GBP18,000.00 (or its equivalent in Fijian dollar at the date of this judgment). I would decline to grant interest on the judgment sum. Both parties will bear their own costs.
The final outcome
DATED THIS 2 DAY OF FEBRUARY 2018 AT LAUTOKA.
...........................................
M. H. Mohamed Ajmeer
JUDGE
Solicitors:
For the plaintiff: M/s AK Lawyers, Barristers and Solicitors
For the defendants: M/s Janend Sharma Lawyers, Barristers and Solicitors
PacLII:
Copyright Policy
|
Disclaimers
|
Privacy Policy
|
Feedback
URL: http://www.paclii.org/fj/cases/FJHC/2018/43.html